{
  "slug": "phoenixville-twine-mill",
  "title": "Phoenixville: the stone mill and its changing work",
  "towns": [
    "Eastford"
  ],
  "counties": [
    "Windham"
  ],
  "dateRange": "1813–1974",
  "topic": "Industry & working life",
  "summary": "Twenty-one photographs follow a small mill from stone exterior walls to timber-framed production floors, with a history of cotton, twine and changing uses.",
  "history": [
    {
      "heading": "A factory beside the Still River",
      "text": "Phoenixville is a village in Eastford, in Windham County. Its stone mill belonged to an early textile landscape beside the Still River. The Sprague Manufacturing Company began with a wooden cotton factory in 1813, before the stone building was erected in 1823. The federal historical report describes a business organized by Rhode Island manufacturers and partners in what was then Ashford. Its evidence includes an 1820 return listing men, women and children in the workforce, together with spindles and looms producing brown shirting and sheeting. Industrial work here was already organized around families and specialized machinery well before the familiar late nineteenth-century factory town.",
      "source_ids": [
        "ct0109"
      ]
    },
    {
      "heading": "Cotton machinery and financial reversals",
      "text": "The stone factory housed several distinct operations within a compact building. An 1830 inventory placed looms, throstles and spinning mules on its main stories, with lathes below and a dressing machine in the attic. These documentary details help explain why the interior photographs matter: floor spaces, structural framing and openings belonged to a building arranged for manufacturing. Bankruptcy brought a change of owners in 1830, when a new group adopted the Phoenix Manufacturing Company name. The following year’s record described a family labor force numbering 85 men, women and children. The report does not give every worker’s name or experience, and the later photographs cannot fill that gap.",
      "source_ids": [
        "ct0109"
      ]
    },
    {
      "heading": "Twine, grain and uses beyond manufacturing",
      "text": "Further financial difficulties led to receivership in the 1840s. In 1869 the idle stone factory, houses and surrounding land passed to J. C. Randall and Edwin Harris; a map identified a twine factory there. Simeon A. Wheaton acquired the property from Harris’s heirs in 1891. The report describes a brief continuation of twine manufacture and a gristmill on the lower floor. Family recollections also describe machinery being sold during the First World War and a second floor used for dances. These later uses show how an industrial building could remain part of village life after its original production system had declined.",
      "source_ids": [
        "ct0109"
      ]
    },
    {
      "heading": "What the 1974 photographs preserve",
      "text": "Donald F. Eaton photographed the mill in October 1974. His sequence begins with four exterior elevations and then moves through rooms on the first and second floors, recording walls, corners and framing from carefully identified directions. A contemporary report discussed Old Sturbridge Village’s plan to remove and re-erect the deteriorating structure as a museum exhibit. That proposal is presented here as a plan recorded in the source, without claiming its later completion. The photographs preserve the building at the date of documentation, offering unusually close views of a small mill whose history crossed several industries and generations.",
      "source_ids": [
        "ct0109"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "timeline": [
    {
      "date": "1813",
      "event": "Sprague Manufacturing begins with a wooden cotton factory.",
      "source_ids": [
        "ct0109"
      ]
    },
    {
      "date": "1823",
      "event": "The stone factory is constructed.",
      "source_ids": [
        "ct0109"
      ]
    },
    {
      "date": "1830",
      "event": "Bankruptcy is followed by sale to the Phoenix Manufacturing Company.",
      "source_ids": [
        "ct0109"
      ]
    },
    {
      "date": "1869",
      "event": "An idle factory and related property are sold; a map identifies a twine factory.",
      "source_ids": [
        "ct0109"
      ]
    },
    {
      "date": "1891",
      "event": "Simeon A. Wheaton acquires the mill property.",
      "source_ids": [
        "ct0109"
      ]
    },
    {
      "date": "October 1974",
      "event": "Donald F. Eaton records the exterior and production floors.",
      "source_ids": [
        "ct0109"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "ct0109",
      "title": "Library of Congress: Phoenix Mill, North bank of Still River, Phoenixville, Windham County, CT",
      "url": "https://www.loc.gov/item/ct0109/"
    },
    {
      "id": "ct-towns-counties",
      "title": "Connecticut State Library: CT Towns & Counties",
      "url": "https://portal.ct.gov/csl/research/ct-towns-counties"
    }
  ],
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      "slug": "phoenixville-twine-mill",
      "image": "/county-images/74b824ec1a3c19d1d194d2e9790fb86e893c62d4a38b3706d7fb8d32ca8a1764.jpg",
      "title": "North elevation",
      "originalCaption": "1. NORTH ELEVATION - Phoenix Mill, North bank of Still River, Phoenixville, Windham County, CT",
      "alt": "North elevation — October 1974",
      "date": "October 1974",
      "creator": "Donald F. Eaton",
      "credit": "Donald F. Eaton / Historic American Engineering Record, Library of Congress",
      "source": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/hhh.ct0109.photos.025119p/",
      "rights": "No known restrictions on images made by the U.S. Government; images copied from other sources may be restricted. https://www.loc.gov/rr/print/res/114_habs.html",
      "license": "No known restrictions on federal survey photographs",
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      "image": "/county-images/9084b67f4ee6621036438ceaa34833ea3409b11e8a5192d1d3809ecb4e66ca5d.jpg",
      "title": "South elevation",
      "originalCaption": "2. SOUTH ELEVATION - Phoenix Mill, North bank of Still River, Phoenixville, Windham County, CT",
      "alt": "South elevation — October 1974",
      "date": "October 1974",
      "creator": "Donald F. Eaton",
      "credit": "Donald F. Eaton / Historic American Engineering Record, Library of Congress",
      "source": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/hhh.ct0109.photos.025120p/",
      "rights": "No known restrictions on images made by the U.S. Government; images copied from other sources may be restricted. https://www.loc.gov/rr/print/res/114_habs.html",
      "license": "No known restrictions on federal survey photographs",
      "licenseUrl": "https://www.loc.gov/rr/print/res/114_habs.html",
      "kind": "photograph",
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      "image": "/county-images/d4bfacf9b1434480833bcb8d82a50a93ee21b312da6c8ac2227bb03d9b3908c6.jpg",
      "title": "East elevation",
      "originalCaption": "3. EAST ELEVATION - Phoenix Mill, North bank of Still River, Phoenixville, Windham County, CT",
      "alt": "East elevation — October 1974",
      "date": "October 1974",
      "creator": "Donald F. Eaton",
      "credit": "Donald F. Eaton / Historic American Engineering Record, Library of Congress",
      "source": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/hhh.ct0109.photos.025121p/",
      "rights": "No known restrictions on images made by the U.S. Government; images copied from other sources may be restricted. https://www.loc.gov/rr/print/res/114_habs.html",
      "license": "No known restrictions on federal survey photographs",
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      "image": "/county-images/138303485a96d289c9bbbb71a88057613233082fb51fdd5abf1edbdd5a3e93c5.jpg",
      "title": "West elevation",
      "originalCaption": "4. WEST ELEVATION - Phoenix Mill, North bank of Still River, Phoenixville, Windham County, CT",
      "alt": "West elevation — October 1974",
      "date": "October 1974",
      "creator": "Donald F. Eaton",
      "credit": "Donald F. Eaton / Historic American Engineering Record, Library of Congress",
      "source": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/hhh.ct0109.photos.025122p/",
      "rights": "No known restrictions on images made by the U.S. Government; images copied from other sources may be restricted. https://www.loc.gov/rr/print/res/114_habs.html",
      "license": "No known restrictions on federal survey photographs",
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      "image": "/county-images/e5923db7a6111bf2ceff21e9726a20cf5f4e5082f0ac0005accb33f5d27bf7aa.jpg",
      "title": "First floor: south wall, southeast corner; looking south",
      "originalCaption": "5. FIRST FLOOR: SOUTH WALL, SOUTHEAST CORNER; LOOKING SOUTH - Phoenix Mill, North bank of Still River, Phoenixville, Windham County, CT",
      "alt": "First floor: south wall, southeast corner; looking south — October 1974",
      "date": "October 1974",
      "creator": "Donald F. Eaton",
      "credit": "Donald F. Eaton / Historic American Engineering Record, Library of Congress",
      "source": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/hhh.ct0109.photos.025123p/",
      "rights": "No known restrictions on images made by the U.S. Government; images copied from other sources may be restricted. https://www.loc.gov/rr/print/res/114_habs.html",
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      "title": "First floor: southeast corner, looking east",
      "originalCaption": "6. FIRST FLOOR: SOUTHEAST CORNER, LOOKING EAST - Phoenix Mill, North bank of Still River, Phoenixville, Windham County, CT",
      "alt": "First floor: southeast corner, looking east — October 1974",
      "date": "October 1974",
      "creator": "Donald F. Eaton",
      "credit": "Donald F. Eaton / Historic American Engineering Record, Library of Congress",
      "source": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/hhh.ct0109.photos.025124p/",
      "rights": "No known restrictions on images made by the U.S. Government; images copied from other sources may be restricted. https://www.loc.gov/rr/print/res/114_habs.html",
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      "slug": "phoenixville-twine-mill",
      "image": "/county-images/5db2b2e49f313ef8b87952131b71c23d98f8c252b683475dbb0dfdb44b35fc39.jpg",
      "title": "First floor: southeast corner, looking south",
      "originalCaption": "7. FIRST FLOOR: SOUTHEAST CORNER, LOOKING SOUTH - Phoenix Mill, North bank of Still River, Phoenixville, Windham County, CT",
      "alt": "First floor: southeast corner, looking south — October 1974",
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      "creator": "Donald F. Eaton",
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      "rights": "No known restrictions on images made by the U.S. Government; images copied from other sources may be restricted. https://www.loc.gov/rr/print/res/114_habs.html",
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      "image": "/county-images/c23d4ef09975f58221338db6d9acb10ef87bd1bc0d4e0e7f543f1ff0401b9230.jpg",
      "title": "South wall, near southwest corner; looking south",
      "originalCaption": "8. SOUTH WALL, NEAR SOUTHWEST CORNER; LOOKING SOUTH - Phoenix Mill, North bank of Still River, Phoenixville, Windham County, CT",
      "alt": "South wall, near southwest corner; looking south — October 1974",
      "date": "October 1974",
      "creator": "Donald F. Eaton",
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      "image": "/county-images/5def80ab942ef3e6cc5b18204e51b66e4b24e664a53f523ec0c53258cd202fcd.jpg",
      "title": "First floor: southwest corner, looking west",
      "originalCaption": "9. FIRST FLOOR: SOUTHWEST CORNER, LOOKING WEST - Phoenix Mill, North bank of Still River, Phoenixville, Windham County, CT",
      "alt": "First floor: southwest corner, looking west — October 1974",
      "date": "October 1974",
      "creator": "Donald F. Eaton",
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      "originalCaption": "10. FIRST FLOOR: SOUTHWEST CORNER, LOOKING WEST - Phoenix Mill, North bank of Still River, Phoenixville, Windham County, CT",
      "alt": "First floor: southwest corner, looking west — October 1974",
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      "creator": "Donald F. Eaton",
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      "image": "/county-images/d369490107a3215369ba32bb53bea07860950fbaffaac1c152f64763592c2f7c.jpg",
      "title": "First floor: north wall, near northeast corner, looking north",
      "originalCaption": "11. FIRST FLOOR: NORTH WALL, NEAR NORTHEAST CORNER, LOOKING NORTH - Phoenix Mill, North bank of Still River, Phoenixville, Windham County, CT",
      "alt": "First floor: north wall, near northeast corner, looking north — October 1974",
      "date": "October 1974",
      "creator": "Donald F. Eaton",
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      "image": "/county-images/0d6952ea6bd0a6ebc24b2039d88f765c5414bc721c73bc5b100f54de405696f9.jpg",
      "title": "First floor: northeast corner, looking east",
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      "title": "First floor: northeast corner, looking north",
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